Model Systems with Extreme Aspect Ratio, Tunable Geometry, and Surface Functionality for a Quantitative Investigation of the Lotus Effect

Superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity of surfaces are key properties for fabrication of self-cleaning surfaces (Lotus effect). It is well known that the mechanism behind this is based on the surface roughness and surface functionalization. To obtain an understanding of the details of the underlying mechanism, a metal system based on a eutectic is suggested. In this study, a wide range tunability of its needlelike narrow size distributed nanostructure is demonstrated. The length of the needles as well as their density can be varied independently. In addition, an important parameter for the wettability, the roughness, is related directly to the growth parameters, which lead to excellent controllable and reproducible eutectic structures. Simply by varying etching time very high aspect ratios can be achieved, allowing studying the interaction of the very long needles with liquids. Moreover, the surface functionality can be tuned by RF-magnetron sputtering of PTFE onto the metal needles. As those layers can be very thin, our system allows, in principle, studying the transition from a metal to a polymer surface using submonolayers. Furthermore, the first contact angle measurements on the nanostructured and functionalized eutectic structures are presented and discussed.