C2C-oriented product take back: process steps, drivers and barriers for operation and implementation

Take back is a vital component of the circular economy, when the end-of-life product is returned, it is re-introduced to the circular loop. Little is known about the details of take back for a circular economy and how it should be implemented, especially with focus on Cradle-to-Cradle (C2C). This work elaborates on the specifics of C2C-oriented take back by conducting semi-structured interviews with eight C2C-certified companies and two third party providers working with C2C firms. The aim was to generate knowledge on the main processes involved in take back and which drivers and barriers arise in terms of implementing and operating these. The concept of reverse logistics was chosen as a supplementary theory because it offers more insight into the technical specifics of take back activities. The results suggest that the customer is a vital actor for take back tasks, especially in terms of product retrieval and loop-closing. Consumers should be well informed to overcome the impediment of insufficient collection volume. Legal aspects are in the foreground when examining obstacles for take back but the government can also perform the function of a facilitator. Technological advancements are perceived as crucial when taking a look at loop-closing operations for which innovation should be fostered. The findings moreover suggest that innovation and collaboration activities can significantly contribute to the success of take back initiatives.